Health Care Needs Assessment Plan

Health Care Needs Assessment Plan WHO Needs Assessment Project Introduction This research gives commonsense help and direction to a nurse, undertaking group wellbeing needs appraisal and assessment. It gives data and guidance on the phases of necessities appraisal, empowering the attendant to finish the procedure sensibly inside her/his regular work. (Anderson TV) This project utilizes a comprehensive model of well being, accentuating the social, financial and social figures that influence well being and in addition singular conduct. The idea of need utilized as a part of this project, fuses those needs felt and communicated by neighborhood individuals and additionally those characterized by the experts. Research Questions Identification of the real hazard elements and reasons for sick wellbeing; and empowers the distinguishing proof of the activities required to address these. Terms and Definitions Health and Needs Assessment: It is a key device to advise dispatching and administration arranging, and can be characterized as a methodical technique for distinguishing the unmet wellbeing and medicinal services needs of a populace, and rolling out improvements to help. (Daniels, 2007) Proposal to the client Health needs assessment is the precise methodology to guaranteeing that the wellbeing administration uses its assets to enhance the strength of the populace in the most productive way. It includes epidemiological, qualitative, and relative strategies to portray wellbeing issues of a populace; distinguish disparities in wellbeing and access to administrations; and focus needs for the best utilization of assets. (Stevens, 2004) Health needs are those that can profit from human services or from more extensive social and natural changes. Fruitful wellbeing needs evaluations oblige a down to earth understanding of what is included, the time and assets important to attempt appraisals, and sufficient joining of the results into arranging and appointing of neighborhood administrations Objectives Health awareness needs are those that can profit from health awareness (well being training, ailment counteractive action, finding, treatment, recovery, terminal consideration). Most specialists will consider needs as far as health awareness benefits that they can supply. Patients, be that as it may, may have an alternate perspective of what would make them healthier for instance, a vocation, a transport course to the doctors facility or well being focus, or tolerable lodging. Health needs consolidate the more extensive social and natural determinants of health, for example, hardship, lodging, eating methodology, instruction, work. This more extensive definition permits us to look past the restrictions the therapeutic model focused around well being administrations, to the more extensive impacts on health (box). (Green)Well being needs of a populace will be always showing signs of change, and numerous wont be amiable to restorative intercession. Literature Review The World Health Organizations meaning of health is frequently utilized: Health is a condition of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not just the nonappearance of malady or illness. A more sentimental definition would be Freuds: Well being is the capacity to work and to love. Evaluation of wellbeing needs is not just a methodology of listening to patients or depending on individual experience. It is a deliberate system for distinguishing unmet wellbeing and health awareness needs of a populace and rolling out improvements to help. It includes an epidemiological and qualitative methodology to deciding needs which fuses clinical and cost viability and patients viewpoints. This methodology must offset clinical, moral, and monetary contemplations of need—that is, the thing that ought to be carried out, what is possible, and what can be afforded. Wellbeing needs evaluation ought to not simply be a strategy for measuring sick wellbeing, as this expects that something is possible to handle it. Consolidating the idea of an ability to profit presents the imperativeness of adequacy of wellbeing mediations and endeavors to make unequivocal what profits are, no doubt sought after. (Anne Robotham, 2010)Economists contend that the ability to profit is continuall y going to be more prominent than accessible assets and that wellbeing needs evaluation ought to likewise join inquiries of need setting, proposing that a lot of people needs appraisals are just preoccupations from the troublesome choices of apportioning. Imperatively, wellbeing needs appraisal likewise gives a strategy for observing and advancing value in the procurement and utilization of wellbeing administrations and tending to imbalances in health. The imperativeness of evaluating wellbeing needs instead of responding to wellbeing requests is broadly perceived, and there are numerous cases of necessities evaluation in essential and auxiliary care. (Adler, 2008) There is no simple, brisk fix formula for wellbeing needs evaluation. Distinctive subjects will require diverse methodologies. These may include a combo of qualitative and quantitative examination techniques to gather unique data, or adjusting and exchanging what is now known or accessible. The jolt for these appraisals i s frequently the individual enthusiasm of an individual or the accessibility of new financing for the improvement of wellbeing administrations. Notwithstanding, evaluations ought to likewise be incited by the vitality of the wellbeing issue (regarding recurrence, effect, or expense), the event of discriminating episodes (the passing of a patient dismissed on the grounds that the emergency unit full), proof of viability of a mediation, or production of new research discoveries about the load of an ailment. (Kathy O, 2007) Methodology Research design: An overview study was led intending to delineate the occurrence of all manifestations of working environment brutality in the wellbeing part. Quantitative information were gathered through surveys. Individual talks with and center gathering meetings were directed to acquire qualitative information. Population and sample size: In the qualitative part planning to check the meaning of working environment viciousness and different perspectives, eight target gatherings were incorporated. They were as per the following: (1) Agent associations (2) Private holders of wellbeing administrations (3) Wellbeing segment faculty (4) Wellbeing powers (5) Administration (6) Patients/customers (7) Word related wellbeing and security pros (8) Legal counselors Information from the target gathering of wellbeing segment faculty were for the most part acquired through 15 center gathering meetings comprising of 90 work force enlisted as per accessibility. The quantity of members in each one gathering fluctuated from 3 to 9. Practically the greater part of the gatherings comprised of same-sex work force from the same callings and levels. One and only gathering of emergency vehicle staff parts was included both senior and lesser people. The time used in each one gathering meeting fluctuated from 60 to 180 minutes. Center gathering meetings were halted when got the information: got to be repetitive. For whatever is left of the target bunches, information were gotten through formal individual meetings and infrequently casual meetings from 25 persons. A couple of meetings were directed through phone. In the quantitative part, all real wellbeing and wellbeing related settings accessible were incorporated so as to speak to the national wellbeing framework. It covers the settings in all geographic levels, in country, suburban, and urban regions, at three levels of health awareness, and from both government and non-government areas. Research tools: Questions for center gathering dialogs and top to bottom meetings, and in addition survey gave by ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI were deciphered into the local dialect by the analysts. Data Collection For the quantitative information, the analysts and/or the exploration partners reached the important powers for consent to gather information. The motivation behind the examination venture and additionally the methods and systems for survey study were clarified. After that the specialists and/or research aides dispersed the surveys through incidental irregular inspecting strategies. Data Analysis Quantitative information was broke down by the SPSS 9.0 product program. Spellbinding detail was utilized to represent the demographic qualities of the specimen. The contrasts of the frequencies of viciousness crosswise over different elements were dissected through Chi-square. Qualitative information was broke down by substance investigation. Assessment Results The aftereffects of this study focused around quantitative and qualitative information investigation are introduced at the same time as takes after: Demographic attributes of the specimen Size, attributes, extent of savagery Impacting variables in the connection of work environment viciousness Impacts and effect of brutality at work in the wellbeing part Individual, institutional, and deliberate reactions towards brutality Against brutality techniques For individual practices and wellbeing experts, wellbeing needs evaluation gives the chance to: Depicting the examples of ailment in the nearby populace and the distinctions from area, local, or national infection designs; Adapting all the more about the needs and needs of their patients and the neighborhood populace; Highlighting the territories of unmet need and giving an acceptable set of destinations to work towards to help; Choosing normally how to utilize assets to enhance their nearby populaces wellbeing in the best and productive way; Affecting strategy, interagency coordinated effort, or innovative work needs. Negative Results An extraordinary number of gay wellbeing work force need to disguise their sexual introduction however some like to unveil it. One male member seeing himself as female, giving an individual question on November 30, expressed that he felt extremely resentful in 21that his administrators did not acknowledge him as female. Case in point, they rebuked him for having long hair and wearing making-up. His tormenting emotions had created since he was a nursing understudy on the grounds that representation toward oneself as a female was illegal by the regulations of the school. He was exceptionally discouraged to be compelled to have short hair like guys. He said that that appearance was not he. Be that as it may, he traversed it in view of the great backing from his scholastic counselor. As a part of the nursing staff, he was here and there sexually bothered by male partners however never by patients. He said that patients never dismisses or disregarded him. His associates additionally regar ded him. Summary In this study, more than half portion of the wellbeing faculty accomplished work environment roughness in the earlier year. Verbal ill-use was the most widely recognized sort while racial provocation was the minimum basic. The best numbers of victimized people were females. Notwithstanding, guys had more inclinations to experience viciousness, particularly physical savagery, tormenting/mobbing, and racial badgering, than did females. Staff who were at danger for working environment savagery were the individuals who were adolescent, had few years of working knowledge, worked in suburban regions, worked in movements and during the evening; and had communication and physical contact with patients/customers. The lions share of culprits were patients/customers, relatives of patients/customers, and associates. Psychiatric patients and medication/liquor ill-use patients, those with head wounds, and in serious torment, were destined to be brutal and harsh. Doctors and high-position staff were liable to be misled by patients while staff parts had a tendency to be exploited by their associates. The mental attributes of culprits were seen by the subjects to be noteworthy helping components. Stress from work-over-burden and considerable changes because of changes in the wellbeing administration and common administration frameworks were different variables. At the time of study, there was no specific regulation for brutality counteractive action and control. Rules for managing forceful patients were accessible just in psychiatric units/healing centers. Recommendations The organization of counteractive action programs in every wellbeing setting ought to be empowered also upheld. The system target gatherings ought to incorporate both male and female staff, particularly youngsters and the individuals who have few years of working background. These projects can be actualized through the foundation of specific projects for roughness anticipation or coordinating them into existing work environment wellbeing advancement programs. Program exercises ought to included preparing in social and life abilities, stretch and displeasure administration aptitudes, and in addition specifically abilities for determining interpersonal clashes and managing vicious persons and circumstances. The rate of work environment roughness ought to be observed constantly at national and hierarchical levels. There ought to be specific persons or advisory groups in charge of work environment viciousness cases, including observation and observing, archiving, examination, exploited p erson payment, aid for exploited people and culprits, and culprit discipline. The advisory group ought to be touchy to this issue and proficient in all parts of work environment savagery, particularly its causes and its effect on people and associations and additionally regulations and lawful data relationship with it. Workshops for these advisory groups are proposed. Reporting the episodes ought to be energized. Systems for reporting ought to be reasonable and plausible. All the more imperatively, inspirational disposition to reporting must be created among wellbeing faculty. That is, the message of the point of making strides facultys prosperity as opposed to giving discipline ought to be made clear. Episode structures ought to be accessible and available. Unacknowledged letters will be an alternative if the staff doesn’t believe the reporting methodology. References Adler, N. E. (2008). Cancer Care for the Whole Patient: Meeting Psychosocial Health Needs. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=w6srDIFDWv0Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=health+needshl=ensa=Xei=EHhTVK-SHpDwaMCsgLgOved=0CD0Q6AEwBjgK#v=onepageq=health needsf=false Anderson TV, M. G. (n.d.). The challenge of medical practice variations. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=PA08eacjKNICpg=PA27lpg=PA27dq=Anderson+TV,+Mooney+G.+The+challenge+of+medical+practice+variations.source=blots=rzc5SRr9Jqsig=K30R8eHX29e_XSo8M5aOkebTw5Uhl=ensa=Xei=inZTVMOiIYfVarq1gvgFved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage Anne Robotham, M. F. (2010). Health Visiting: Specialist Community Public Health Nursing. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=64p0LAVYECpg=PA264dq=health+needshl=ensa=Xei=EHhTVK-SHpDwaMCsgLgOved=0CCkQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepageq=health needsf=false Daniels, N. (2007). Just Health: Meeting Health Needs Fairly. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=DrVLvi0r6JICprintsec=frontcoverdq=health+needshl=ensa=Xei=KXdTVKOGE4LeaMDlgfAOved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=health needsf=false Green, J. (n.d.). Health Promotion: Planning and Strategies. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=x_Iyz8HPpsMCpg=PA206dq=health+needshl=ensa=Xei=EHhTVK-SHpDwaMCsgLgOved=0CCIQ6AEwATgK#v=onepageq=health needsf=false Kathy O, N. (2007). Putting People and Health Needs on the Map. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=gmqPqwObF8ACpg=PA30dq=health+needshl=ensa=Xei=dXlTVJDHLZDTaOXbgJgMved=0CC8Q6AEwAzgU#v=onepageq=health needsf=false Stevens, A. (2004). Health Care Needs Assessment: The Epidemiologically Based Needs. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=JJHIFeOD7jsCprintsec=frontcoverdq=health+needshl=ensa=Xei=KXdTVKOGE4LeaMDlgfAOved=0CEcQ6AEwCA#v=onepageq=health needsf=false

Hope Springs Eternal: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption by Stephen

Hope Springs Eternal: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption by Stephen King A wise man once said, â€Å"Memory is the library of the mind.† All of the events in one’s life, ranging from birth to the present, are stored in this complex catalog of experience. There they remain untouched and collecting dust until a time of need, much like the scores of books found in today’s libraries. No matter how obscure, their topics represent the various trials of life that build one’s character and forever serve as the most reliable source of the human psyche. The novella, â€Å"Hope Springs Eternal: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption†, is part of a collection of stories that comprise Stephen King’s book Different Seasons which was first published in 1983. It is the story of Andy Dufresne, a successful banker incarcerated, despite his innocence, for the murder of his wife and her lover. Leaving behind not only his status, but every known aspect of his life up until this point, Andy is submerged in a culture he knows not hing about. However, he manages to adapt to these unfamiliar surroundings through the use of his former knowledge and keen intellect. King uses Andy’s character as a liaison to convey the concept of memory within the novella. He outlines the stages in Andy’s journey throughout his time in Shawshank Federal Prison by highlighting the many channels in which his wisdom aids him. Furthermore, King shows the reader how this passage develops Andy as a person through the different ways he utilizes this remembrance, both for his benefit and that of others. Andy’s heroic metamorphosis provides a template for the different perceptions of memory within the text; such as that of a self-fulfilling resource, liberating gift to othe... ...ins the reader in experiencing the transformation of Andy as a character and the unavoidable sentiments that ingrain themselves into the human psyche. By delving into this unique harmony between the feelings of both author and reader, one can come to further comprehend the questions King is bringing to the table and his premeditated goal for this work. What does it mean to truly become a legend and why does Andy Dufresne so beautifully embody this definition? These are queries that we can only begin to answer and are an active ingredient of what makes Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption the literary marvel that it is. Works Consulted Cormier, Robert. I am the Cheese. New York: Dell Laurel-Leaf, 1991. King, Stephen. â€Å"Hope Springs Eternal: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption.† Different Seasons. New York: New American Library, 1983. (15-107).

Compare and contrast two works of Art Essay

This essay will cover the similarities and differences between two Artworks † The Little fourteen -Year- Old Dancer† and † Baboon and young†. Discussion about this works of Art will be based on the field man’s analysis, thus description, analysis, interpretation and judgement on the subject matter, media and size, location and literal qualities, social, cultural and political issues surrounding the creation of the Artworks but in the form of compare and contrast. I will also discuss how these inspirational sources have contributed to my final project outcome with regard to composition and technique. Baboon and young and The little fourteen year old dancer are free-standing sculptures depicting life through different animals. These artworks are of different sizes, The little fourteen year old dancer is 104.5 cm while The baboon and young is 21cm respectively. They are both made the same media casted bronze. The fourteen year old dancer has been portrayed wearing a bronze vest and shoes, a cotton skirt and satin ribbon a combination which displays different surface qualities thus creating a strong contrast of tactile texture. This is emphasized by Ragans R. (2002: 203) by saying: What an unusual combination of textures! The figure of the Young dancer is cast in bronze. Even the vest and the ballet Shoes she wears are bronze. To that degas added a skirt made of gauzelike fabric in a stain hair ribbon. The composition comprising of a series of diagonal lines as shown by the posture of the head, torso and legs in The little fourteen year old dancer thus suggesting a subtle or calm movement are not visible on The baboon and young. The curvy and diagonal employed on skirt to show the folds have further illustrated the idea of subtle movement on the little fourteen year old dancer while on the baboon and young we see meal strips at the back of  the tail. The Baboon and young is made by Pablo Picasso around 1955while The little fourteen year old dancer was made by Edgar Degas in 1880.Picasso’s work was found in the Museum of modern art in New York and Degas’s is currently exhibited at the Metropolitan museum of Art in New York. They were both found in New York. Both of the two charming Art made using the same techniques . Picasso casted bronze as well as Degas the only difference is that Degas added cotton on the skirt a and satin ribbon. Organic shapes are mostly dominating in both sculptures as compared to geometric shapes, therefore, these bring a sense of three dimensionality or form hence resembling the nature of a Baboon and a young female dancer. They both portray a strong sense of balance though its irregular symmetry and they are static man-made artworks. In the little dancer balance have been achieved through a posture in which the head is thrown backwards and chest pushing outward while in The Baboon and young balance is achieved by a tail hanging diagonally and a baby on the chest of the Baboon pulling it forward. Space has been used effectively in both pieces. Both Artists displayed a creative use of space to render the flow of the pose. For instance, the space between the legs arms as well as the facial gaze into distance complement the action of a female dancer at the end of performance and a female Baboon after being blessed with a baby. Besides , The little dancer and The Baboon and young both have a lifelike presence and they feel like animals they represent instead of looking like them. That is they both show a real life situations. Though Picasso’s work is simplified and stylised, it is detailed in some way. By looking at the Baboon’s head which is a model of a toy car , there are human head like figures appearing on the car’s windscreen which symbolises the eyes of the baboon. There is also a grill of the same car which suggests a nose and the mudguards suggesting the baboon’s cheekbones or jaws. A thick bold curvy line under the grill of the toy car suggests the smiling mouth of a baboon. All this features symbolises a bright happy face of a baboon which indicates that it is really it’s joyful moment during a summer season. The  reason for saying it is summer is that summer is the season of reproduction and this baboon is holding it’s young one. One can tell from the gigantic smile shown on the face that the baboon has been blessed with a baby. Comparing with Picasso’s work , The little dancer ‘s pose portrays a captured moment in time during a performance. Both the facial and bodily gesture, that is the half opened eyes into infinity, and diagonal right leg suggest a moment of suspense. That is the time when the dancer has just finished a performance and taking a deep breath of relief-eye half closed, lips tightly closed and breath taken in through the nostrils. This posture shows that the Little girl is happy about what she has done and she is proud about it. Looking at a combination of her clothing we can say that this little girl is a dancer by profession. It also shows that it is summer . I say this because summer is the period of celebrations and this girl was dancing in a celebration. The design of the vest and the skirt also depicts the sense of summer. These features shows a posture that suggest the action of a flexible young female dancer at the verge of a performance thus showing how young ones are a ctive in life. Both of these impressive works were very much successful which means Picasso and Degas achieved their goals. The Baboon and young in particular evokes emotional turmoil about how females like their young ones. The little fourteen -year old dancer also shows how females accepts and promotes nature in their lives. I can say, literally, the Baboon is appreciating what is being done by The little dancer and so it does not regret having a child but instead hope that it’s young one would be successful in life like this girl. I can also say looking at The little girl we can say she is performing on the birthday party of a newly born baboon on Picasso’s work.Texture and gradation of value in both artworks gives a sense of three dimensionality and life. These artworks portray the personality of the artists who made them, that is, they are creative more especially with the use of media, styles even the way they made their pieces. Apparently the artists might have been living in an environment where there was a lot of happiness and so they are showing it in different ways. The overall view about The little fourteen-year old dancer and The baboon and young is that, they poses different qualities but are the same in some way. A great distinction can made looking at the details indicated in both sculpture’s heads. The Baboon’s head is more detailed than the, The little dancer’s but they are both free standing sculptures. Due to some features mentioned earlier in the essay, the two artworks depict the same message, they communicate how females are the happiest creatures on earth and how happiness can be shown in different ways. I equally like both of these artworks due to the fact that lots and lots of creativity is shown in both of them. They are also interesting and eye catching and they portray a strong message. These inspirational sources have contributed to my final project which is HAPPINESS. My projects shows people dancing to a traditional music thus depicting the message that even in our tradition we have our own ways of showing happiness. REFERENCE Pablo Picasso.(1950)http://home.xnet.com/~stanko/baboon.htm Edgar Degas,(1879).Olga’s Gallery ,The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.Retrived:July 2004, from http://www.abcgallery.com/D/degas/degas47.html Janson. H.W (1995), History of Art, Harry. N. Abrams .New York Ragans R.(1999) Art talk (2ed) Mc Graw-Hill.New York

Demand for Computers essays

Demand for Computers essays The Computer Market is made up of hundreds of different businesses producing different computer parts. Companies such as NVIDIA and ATI manufacture Video Cards which are able to produce 3D images. Seagate and Western Digital are making faster and larger Hard Disk Drives. Advanced Micro Devices Incorporated, AMD for short, and Intel Corporation, the two major Microprocessor manufacturers have recently released their latest batch of CPUs. The latest are the 2200 MHz P4 and the Athlon XP 2100+. Each gives us more processing power far beyond our current Microsoft office requirements. Then why would anyone consider buying one of these microprocessors? Demand for computers changes with the needs of the people. Fashions change and people might start looking for system stability or for customizability. For example in the 70s when computers were emerging the major companies were Apple, Tandy, Texas Instruments, Commodore and Amiga. Apple products were the most popular because of there performance and reliability. Later the other microprocessors improved and just about any computer could be used for word processing and spreadsheets. After this the competitive advantage went to companies who used IBM products. Later there were clones from Compaq, Packard Bell, Toshiba and many others. Then it shifted to dependability for parts and services and firms like IBM, Compaq, and Hewlett-Packard commanded price premiums. In the 90s the computer market completely shifted and emphasized customizability and companies like Dell rocketed to the top tiers of the computer industry. At the moment people are beginning to enter the digital realm. With the release of the Xbox, DVD, Plasma Television and Broad Band Communications many people want something that can give them a bit of everything and so performance has become a major issue in buying a computer. Compared to other domestic industries, the computer industry is unique. Every year, ...

Multiple Intelligence Essays

Multiple Intelligence Essays Multiple Intelligence Essay Multiple Intelligence Essay Howard Gardner’s ideas on multiple intelligences have had most appeal in the classroom where they confirm what teachers know from their everyday experience, namely that pupils have different skills and capabilities. The theory can be used to discuss what we mean when we describe people as being intelligent’, able’, gifted’, talented’ or clever’ to remind students that everyone is good at some things and has difficulty with others.Gardner is extremely critical of traditional school systems, which he says are based on outdated models that regard intelligence as fixed and general. He also believes that schools place far too great an emphasis on logical/mathematical and verbal/linguistic intelligences and in doing so fail to develop other talents and capacities of young people. Multiple intelligences provide a wide variety of identifiable areas of knowledge and skills beyond the traditional verbal and numerical to include the personal, social and creative.By focusing on these and other intelligences, pupils can more easily discover that they have strengths and use the resulting gains in confidence to develop those areas in which they are not so strong. Multiple intelligences can be used as a conceptual framework for organizing and reflecting on the curriculum. Teachers can use the theory of multiple intelligences to get to know each pupil’s dominant strengths and areas for development.In applying theories of intelligence in the classroom, it is important that teachers do not categorize or compartmentalize learners, but instead recognize that pupils are s trong in some aspects of intelligence and less strong in others. All young people should be provided with learning opportunities that help to nurture and develop their talents and abilities, and assessment methodologies should reflect the multiple nature of intelligence.

Supply chain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Supply chain management - Essay Example One of the major issues that businesses face while switching to the ‘e’ channels is the fact that they can convert themselves to the same in isolation; however, the supply chain network does not allow isolated implementations to be a success (Ginkel, 1998, p. 313). For higher chances of a success i.e. to reduce the risk of failure, a business should move towards ‘e’ or any other channel in collaboration with its network of stakeholders, in particular its supply chain (Houlihan, 1985, p. 17). Traditional Supply Chain Mechanisms Traditionally, prior to the era of 80s, supply chain management was assumed as a part of the business, and restricted to the supplies of inventory or raw material, depending on the nature of the business under consideration. The era of 80s and 90s has brought about changes in the way supply chain looks today (JOHNSON and WHANG, 2002, p. 411). Serving as the era of transitional changes, the big names of the business industry such as Uni lever and P&G realized that streamlining the supply chain can prove out to be a highly cost effective solution for running their business. Thereon, the phase initiated in business history, where supply chain networks gain importance (Wisner and Tan, 2000, p. 35). As the era of mid and late 90s saw the rising need of supply chain integration and businesses moving towards the ‘e’ channels, the early years of 2000s saw the application of ‘e’ channels across the supply chain network, keeping it tightly integrated from the rise of the raw material to the selling of the final commodity in the retail stores (Vickery et al., 1999, p. 18). Impact of e-business and e-commerce towards supply chain The add-on of the ‘e’ variable in business cycle has had a significant impact on how businesses have been conducted (Audy et al., n.d., p. 111). However, prior to moving forward with the discussion, it is critical to define the difference between e-commerce and e-business. Despite the fact that the terms tend to be used interchangeably today, e-commerce is about conducting a transaction which could either be B2B or B2C, or even C2C. On the contrary, e-business is about the application of the technology to enhance or improve a process or even replace it on the whole (Carter et al., 2000, p. 17). Adding up ‘e’ towards the business and commerce activities pulls the supply chain towards the core business processes for ensuring the network is integrated in a manner that does not allow any loophole, as that can turn out to be fatal for the business (Gurnani et al., 2011, p. 301). Classical example of how ‘e’ factor on the business and commerce can tightly couple the supply chain requirements is shown in the case of Dell. Dell, long back, has implemented e-business and e-commerce to their business; e-processes in terms of build-your-own-pc and e-commerce in terms of online purchases (Harland, 1996, p. S64). Such an appli cation requires extensive cooperation from the supply chain; the process of supply chain remains transparent to the customer. As a customer assembles their computer on the website, at the back-end, the support team needs to ensure that the required components are readily available or

Risk Involved In Investment And Portfolio Management Essay

Risk Involved In Investment And Portfolio Management - Essay Example It is natural because investors perceive much risk to be involved in investments such as bonds and stocks they are willing to expect more return on them. Stocks and bonds are considered more risky because they involve several elements that may change with time due to uncontrollable factors such as price, interest rates, inflation etc. The most important thing with respect to any investment is the level of certainty with respect to the recovery of principal amount invested. Stocks and bonds are different with regard to risks that are confronted by investors from time to time. Stocks or bonds are both issued by corporations at different times to raise long-term finance for their business but their treatment is different. Stock is regarded as equity capital whereas bonds are considered as borrowed capital or external funds. Stock investors become owners of the company and bondholders become creditors. Owners i.e., stockholders therefore perceive more risks pertaining to the recovery of their principal amount because in case if company defaults they would be given less priority over bondholders on the company's assets. Gibson (2000, p58) elaborates that, "because the bondholders and other creditors of a corporation have a prior claim to the corporation's revenues and assets, common stock shareholders are said to have a residual ownership interest". Also the returns to stockholders are not guaranteed but bondholders are entitled to receive a fixed rate of guaranteed return. Therefore, in this view, investment in stock is riskier than bonds. There are various aspects that determine the risks involved in investing into corporate bonds and securities. Bodie (1995, p21) says that, "with real bonds, the investor...This paper provides an overall introduction to risk and various elements that add to the risk associated with a certain type of investment. This paper also illuminates the effectiveness of portfolio management to eliminate the risks that are confronted by investors while maximising the returns on investment. In investment management, risk is often equated with the uncertainty (variability or standard deviation) of possible returns around the expected return. Risk is the capability of pointing out possible outcomes and their probabilities without being sure as to which will happen. It is the extent and possibility to which expected returns vary in response to several factors. Investors block their money in certain assets such as stock and securities as well as liabilities such as bonds in anticipation of certain return with less exposure to risk factors. Different types of investments contain different levels of risk that also correspond to the return expected by investors. Investments such as government bonds and securities bear no risk to the investors therefore provides less return to the investors. Bonds are categorised as liabilities and therefore bear a legal guarantee for investors to receive their invested amount even if the company goes bankrupt. There are other factors also that make investment in bonds and shares risky such as interests rates and inflation. An investor can greatly minimise the risks associated with investments by means of portfolio management.